Friday, 16 October 2015
Thursday, 15 October 2015
Individualised Instruction
Individualised Instruction
Individualised instruction is a
method of instruction in which content, instructional technology and pace of
learning are based upon the abilities and interests of each individual learner.
It refers to those classroom practices of teaching which recognize the
uniqueness of each student learner and thus provide for adequate tutorial
guidance, and other support services suited to bring about a wholesome
development in the person (mind, body, and spirit). It is about using teaching strategies that
connect with individual student’s learning strategies. The ultimate goal is to
provide a learning environment that will maximize the potential for student
success. In this strategy the teacher shouldn’t always stick to the same
pattern of teaching rather they should adapt new ways such as teaching through
audio, video, field trip, etc. so that students have multiple options for
taking in information and making sense of ideas. To differentiate or to individualize
instruction is to recognize students varying background knowledge, readiness,
language, preferences in learning, interests, and to react responsively. The
intent of individualizing instruction is to maximize each student’s growth and
individual success by meeting each student where he or she is, and assisting in
the learning process. It provides the opportunity for students to learn at
their own pace, in their own way, and be successful.
Purposes of individualised strategy
Every student is an
individual and a class of students is heterogeneous regarding background and prior
knowledge of a subject. Self pacing helps to smoothing the initial inequalities
in a group. Students can be diverted to complementary study packages remedial
material, materials constructed for specific needs or study in small groups of
two or three. Individualised learning includes a variety of practices that
enables a student, on his own, to formulate problems, finding answers through systematic
procedures of reference work, hypothesizing, experimenting , field work etc and
evaluate one’s own progress and achievement.
Principles of Individualized Instruction Strategy.
1. Make the students clear about the
key points and generalization to make sure that all learners gain a powerful
and strong understanding so that they can have a good foundation for their
future learning. Teachers are encouraged to identify essential concepts and
instructional focuses to ensure all learners understand.
2. Use assessment as a teaching tool to
extend versus merely measure instruction. Assessment should occur before,
during, and following the instructional episode. The asessment carried out
before and during can be incorporated into classroom practice; it provides
information needed to adjust teaching and learning while they are happening.
E.g. Observation, questioning strategies, self and peer assessment, student’s
record keeping. The assessment carried out before and during instructional episode
is called formative assessment. And the assessment evaluated after instruction
is called summative assessment. It is carried out every few weeks, months, or
chapter tests. E.g. End of unit or chapter tests, end of term or semester
exams.
3. Emphasize and stress more on
critical and creative thinking while designing a lesson. Whatever task and
activities that we provide to the students should be up to the student’s level
and understanding, so that they can understand easily and will apply meaning. Instruction
may require supports, additional motivation, varied tasks, materials, or
equipment for different students in the classroom.
4. Engaging all learners is essential.
We should engage and make the students participate in class activities. For that
teachers should develop their lesson to engage and motivate the students.
5. Provide a balance between
teacher-assigned and student-selected tasks. If there is a balance between the
task and activities that are assigned by the teachers and the tasks selected by
the students, the learning will be most favorable and desirable.
Advantages of Individualised instructions
Advantages
for students
1. It enables the students to proceed
at their own pace through the study of each subject
2.
It
permits the students to get an immediate response and greater sense of
satisfaction
3.
It
enables the students to understand better the structure of the subject he is
studying
4.
It
enables indepth study of a various aspects of the subject
5. It enables a student to proceed in a
subject as far as his ability will permit.
Advantages
for the Teachers
1. It frees the teacher from teaching
many of the routine basic skills of a subject
2. It enables him to meet more
accurately the instructional needs of each students
3. It furnishes the teachers with diagnostic
devices
4. It allows him to spend more time
with students who need the most help
5. It enables the teachers to bring a
structured carefully thought out programme to the students
6. It helps the teachers to serve as a
guide to the students activities
Disadvantages of individualized instruction
1. Time and effort in planning and
developing materials to suit individual needs will be greater compared to a
class centered instruction
2. Appropriate resource materials may
not be available
3. Requires specialized skills to
assess the needs of each students
4. Requires individualized evaluation
strategies
Types of individualized instruction
Individualised
learning generally takes up some of the following forms-assignment work,
laboratory work, reference reading, programmed learning, mastery learning,
learning by Keller plan, learning through audio-visual aids and computer
assisted instructions
1. Keller plan: This strategy advocates
the use of sequential set of self study units pursued by each student at his
own pace
2.
Programmed
Instruction: Programmed learning is a self instructional self corrective
technique in which all the leaning material is presented to the learner stage
by stage through sequentially arranged smaller units called frames.
3.
Computer
assisted instruction: This type of instruction provides flexibility for
individualizing the educational process. It makes use of computers in imparting
education
4. Mastery Learning: The underlying
assumption of this approach is that most students can master a major portion of
the syllabi if enough time is given
Conclusion
Individualised
instruction comes in many forms, all of which seek to improve instruction in
some way. It has the potential to improve instruction by varying the pace of instruction,
the instructional method, and content. Most approaches allow for self pacing, yet
variation in method and content are rare. If implemented properly
individualized instruction proved to be a good method to improve students’
accomplishment substantially.
Friday, 2 October 2015
curriculum is the crux of whole educational process
Introduction
Curriculum
is derived from the Latin word” currere” means ‘the path, lap or course or
runway’ which one takes as a step to reach a goal applied to a course of study.
If the teacher is the guide, the curriculum is the path. Curriculum is the
total structure of ideas and activities undertaken during a course of study.
The curriculum in the literal sense can be termed as “A pathway towards a
goal”. Education finds its effect and results through implementation of the
curriculum by the schools. Curriculum is actually what happens during a course i.e.,
demonstrations, lecture, field visits etc. Pedagogically curriculum means the
course of studies to be pursued by the students or the written description of
the course content to be imparted through the educational institutions. The
course of study means the specific content of education, the details of the
study such as method of teaching, lesson plans, assignments and evaluation strategies which the
students has to study to obtain course certificates from the educational
institutions
Definition
“A systematic
and planned series of intended learning conceived to be imparted through
selected planned, organized sequential learning experiences to a defined group
of learners to attain the stated aim of a specific educational program”.
According to Cunningham curriculum is “a tool in the hands of the artist
(teachers) to mould his material (the pupil) in accordance with his ideals
(thoughts/knowledge) in his studio (school)”.
Concept
and Meaning
Curriculum is the systematic
arrangement of courses designed with specific objectives for the students. It
includes all the learning experience, which the leaner has regardless of when
or how they take place under the guidance of the school. The traditional
concept of curriculum is that, the teacher will focus his/her efforts and
attention in making the students to learn the subject content and course of
study according to the prescribed syllabi, in a rigid, set pattern, to enable them to pass a set of examinations.
The learners were given specific knowledge and skills which would fit them to
become a mature and successful adult. Learner was prepared to live in the
future as foreseen by the teachers and parents. The new concept of curriculum
means that through education the learner lives in the present world and adapts
himself/herself into it. The teacher will prepare the learner to adapt to
future world. According to modern educational thought, curriculum does not mean
only the academic subjects traditionally
taught in schools but also includes the sum total of experiences that a learner
receives through the manifold activities that exists in the schools, classroom,
library, laboratory, playground and in numerous informal contacts between teachers
and the learner which helps to balance the personality of students.
Need and
Significance of curriculum
“The child of
today is the builder of tomorrow”. A well designed curriculum if effectively
implemented, the learner will be equipped with inner potentialities and become
instrumental to build up the nation. Curriculum is the basis for the holistic
development and increases the abilities of the learner in total. School
curriculum of a country, like its constitution, reflects the ethos of that
country. The teacher is required to achieve the aims of education. For that
purpose he/she has to employ suitable instructional methods and procedures. But
this he can do only when he knows what efforts he is to make and in what order.
In other words, he should know the content of curriculum which consists of
subjects, activities and experiences in the properly graded form. Curriculum is
in fact the 'warp and woof of the whole educational process. Its need and
importance may be summed up as follows:
1. Achievement of Educational Aims
Merely defining
the aims of education is futile. There should be well planned efforts to
achieve the aims of education. We must think of knowledge, activities, experiences
and other influences which help in the achievement of aims of education.
It is curriculum which can show what types of teachers are required in the schools. We should know what type of work they are required to do and this is according to the requirements of curriculum.
3. Selection of Suitable Methods
Curriculum enables the teacher to select suitable methods of teaching. 'How to teach' will be determined by 'what to teach'.
4. Reflects Trends in Education
Curriculum is a means to achieve the aims of education which are dynamic and go on changing with the changing social requirements. Naturally, the curriculum will reflect the trends in education. For example, modern education places following demands on the curriculum:
5. Providing Suitable Knowledge.
Curriculum should include suitable knowledge which will help in the achievement of aims of education.
6. Providing Suitable Activities and Experiences.
Curriculum includes well selected activities and experiences needed for the development of pupils according to social requirements.
7. Providing Wholesome Influences.
Curriculum should provide wholesome school programmes to develop the desirable behavior patterns in the pupils.
Functions
of curriculum
1.
Synthesis
of subject and life:
The primary aim of the
curriculum is to provide the educands experience through the medium of the
subjects of study, which will enable them to bridge the gap between school life
and life outside the school
2.
Acquisition
and Strengthening of knowledge:
Acquisition of relevant knowledge
in various subjects can be considered as the most fundamental requirement for
synthesis of the subject and life. By providing and integrating knowledge in
various fields, the cognitive structure gets strengthened. Therefore this is
considered as the primary objective of curriculum
3.
Complete
development:
The aim of education is to achieve the
physical, mental, emotional, personal, social, moral, religious and spiritual
development of the educand. The curriculum aims at making such a complete
development possible
4.
Development
of Democratic values:
The curriculum should aim
at developing values of equality, liberty and fraternity, so that the educands
may develop into efficient citizens of a democratic society. Special emphasis
should be laid on the development of values such as tolerance, respect for
others, co-operation, we-feeling and civic sense.
5.
Satisfaction
of the educand’s needs:
A curriculum should be designed in such
a way that it satisfies the multifarious needs and requirements of educands
such as development of skills, abilities, attitudes, aptitudes etc.
6.
Realisation
of values:
The ultimate aim of education is the
development of character and what is required for this is to help the educand
internalize various desirable values. Thus curriculum should seek to provide
experiences that would enable the educand to build up a desirable value system.
7.
Harmony
between individual and society:
The curriculum must create an environment
which enables the individual to achieve his own development and at the same
time contribute for the betterment of society. It should be such a way that the
society has to look after the individual while the individual has to contribute
for the development of the society.
8.
Creation
of suitable environment:
All the educational
objectives could be achieved only if a good learning environment is provided.
Practical suggestion for creation of objective based environmental conditions
appropriate for each situation is an important objective of the curriculum for
developmental education
Conclusion
Curriculum is not merely
syllabus. Syllabus is much more specific, and it provides the details of study,
the hierarchical order of presenting the content etc. The scope of curriculum
is much broader and deeper, for it comprehends every aspect of the educand’s
life, seeks to satisfy all his requirements and aspires to develop every
aspects his life. In addition to what is prescribed in the syllabus the
curriculum includes various kinds of co-curricular and extracurricular
activities as well as the various aspects of the educational environment. It
relates to various learning experience in curriculum to produce the maximum
cumulative effect among learners to attain the objectives of educational
program and to gains mastery over the subject matter, develops concepts,
inculcate skills, attitudes, values and habits conducive of all round
personality development which are needed for social living and further learning.
Thus, we can say that curriculum is an important instrument or means to achieve
the ends of education rather it can be considered as the crux of whole
educational process.
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